Question 55-1 : When the optical image forms in front of the retina this results in ? [ Objective UAV ]

Improvement of human reliability should entail an effort to understand the causes and find means of recovery for errors committed

Conflict and istrative problem are not physical stimulis but psychic stimulis

Hyperventilation reduces the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood to below its normal level because one is expiring more carbon dioxide than being produced in the body thereby raising the blood's ph value making it more alkaline this initiates constriction of the blood vessels which supply the brain and preventing the transport of oxygen and other molecules necessary for the function of the nervous systemthe things that cause hyperventilation can be categorised loosely into environment thoughts and emotions physical illness pain or some other type of physical stress jogging is often described as the light version of runningjogging will raise your heart rate make you breathe harder but will not lead to hyperventilation as the previous causes do

The literal definition of hypoxia is low oxygen therefore hypoxia implies a lack of sufficient oxygen for the body to operate normally its onset is insidious and may be accompanied by a feeling of well being known as euphoria even minor hypoxia impairs night vision and slows reaction timemore serious hypoxia interferes with reasoning gives rise to unusual fatigue and finally results in a loss of consciousness hypoxia is classified into four different types hypoxic hypoxia anaemic hypoxia ischaemic hypoxia and histotoxic hypoxia all are relevant to pilots and merit consideration anaemic hypoxia oxygen in blood is carried by haemoglobin which is found in red blood cellswhen the red blood cell count decreases or the haemoglobin does not function properly less oxygen can be carried by the bloodthis can occur in conditions such as heavy bleeding some cancers sickle cell anaemia or carbon monoxide poisoning to name a fewa person suffering from anaemia may notice symptoms such as breathlessness fatigue or chest pain and symptoms will worsen at higher altitudes as the effects of hypoxia and anaemia are additive

The literal definition of hypoxia is low oxygen therefore hypoxia implies a lack of sufficient oxygen for the body to operate normally its onset is insidious and may be accompanied by a feeling of well being known as euphoria even minor hypoxia impairs night vision and slows reaction time more serious hypoxia interferes with reasoning gives rise to unusual fatigue and finally results in a loss of consciousness hypoxia is classified into four different types hypoxic hypoxia anaemic hypoxia ischaemic hypoxia and histotoxic hypoxia all are relevant to pilots and merit consideration hypoxic hypoxia is the result of low oxygen levels in the bloodstream in pilots this most often occurs with exposure to altitude hypobaric hypoxia at low altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere is adequate to maintain brain function at peak efficiency atmospheric pressure and the partial pressure of oxygen both decline at higher altitudes at 8 000 ft asl 2 440 m some people may notice a slight increase in heart rate and speed of breathing respiratory rate by 10 000 ft asl 3 030 m the partial pressure of oxygen is low enough that all pilots will experience mild hypoxia and some will become symptomatic pilots operating at this altitude or higher should be alert for unusual difficulty completing routine calculations and should take corrective action if difficulties are noted

Chronic stress is a result of long term conditions that we all have to facesome of can be very positive like winning the lottery which introduces a huge element of stress to one's lifean example of a long term negative stress situation would be divorce we also all have cars to maintain a house to pay for and relationships with friends spouses or children which can be good or badall of these factors produce a sort of general life stress without it would we have a reason to get out of bed in the morning stress is a motivating factor but excessive stress can be an inhibiting factor